Ballast WORK
Ballast is material that is used to provide stability to a vehicle or structure. Ballast, other than cargo, may be placed in a vehicle, often a ship or the gondola of a balloon or airship, to provide stability. A compartment within a boat, ship, submarine, or other floating structure that holds water is called a ballast tank. Water should move in and out from the ballast tank to balance the ship. In a vessel that travels on the water, the ballast will remain below the water level, to counteract the effects of weight above the water level.[1] The ballast may be redistributed in the vessel or disposed of altogether to change its effects on the movement of the vessel.
ballast
The basic concept behind the ballast tank can be seen in many forms of aquatic life, such as the blowfish or members of the argonaut group of octopus.[2] The concept has been invented and reinvented many times by humans to serve a variety of purposes.In the fifteenth and sixteenth century, the ballast "did not consist entirely of leakage, but of urine, vomit, and various foul food leavings that lazy sailors discharged into the ballast contrary to orders, in the belief that the pumps would take care of it."[3] In the nineteenth century, cargo boats returning from Europe to North America would carry quarried stone as ballast, contributing to the architectural heritage of some east coast cities (for example Montreal), where this stone was used in building.
During World War 2 ships returning from Great Britain to America used rubble as ballast.[citation needed] The ballast would be dumped in New York and used for construction projects such as FDR Drive and an outcrop colloquially named Bristol Basin since it was made from rubble from bombed-out Bristol.[citation needed]
Ballast takes many forms. The simplest form of ballast used in small day sailers is so-called "live ballast", or the weight of the crew. By sitting on the windward side of the hull, the heeling moment must lift the weight of the crew. On more advanced racing boats, a wire harness called a trapeze is used to allow the crew to hang completely over the side of the hull without falling out; this provides much larger amounts of righting moment due to the larger leverage of the crew's weight, but can be dangerous if the wind suddenly dies, as the sudden loss of heeling moment can dump the crew in the water. On larger modern vessels, the keel is made of or filled with a high density material, such as concrete, iron, or lead. By placing the weight as low as possible (often in a large bulb at the bottom of the keel) the maximum righting moment can be extracted from the given mass. Traditional forms of ballast carried inside the hull were stones or sand.
Sailing ballast is used in sailboats to provide moment to resist the lateral forces on the sail. Insufficiently ballasted boats will tend to tip, or heel, excessively in high winds. Too much heel may result in the boat capsizing. If a sailing vessel should need to voyage without cargo then ballast of little or no value would be loaded to keep the vessel upright. Some or all of this ballast would then be discarded when cargo was loaded.
Ballast weight is also added to a race car to alter its performance. In most racing series, cars have a minimum allowable weight. Often, the actual weight of the car is lower, so ballast is used to bring it up to the minimum. The advantage is that the ballast can be positioned to affect the car's handling by changing its load distribution. This is near-universal in Formula 1. It is also common in other racing series that ballast may only be located in certain positions on the car. In some racing series, for example the British Touring Car Championship, ballast is used as a handicap, the leading drivers at the end of one race being given more ballast for the next race.
If a cargo vessel (such as a tanker, bulk carrier or container ship) wishes to travel empty or partially empty to collect a cargo, it must travel in ballast. This keeps the vessel in trim and keeps the propeller and rudder submerged. Typically, being "in ballast" will mean flooding the ballast tanks with sea water. Serious problems arise when the ballast water is discharged, as water-borne organisms may create havoc when deposited in new environments.
Track ballast is the material which forms the trackbed upon which railroad ties are laid. It is packed between, below, and around the ties (also known as sleeper).[4] It is used to bear the compression load of the railroad ties, rails, and rolling stock; to facilitate drainage; and keep down vegetation that can compromise the integrity of the combined track structure.[4] Ballast also physically holds the track in place as the trains roll over it.
A variety of materials have been used as track ballast, including crushed stone, washed gravel, bank run (unwashed) gravel, torpedo gravel (a mixture of coarse sand and small gravel), slag, chats, coal cinders, sand,[5] and burnt clay.[6] The term "ballast" comes from a nautical term for the stones used to stabilize a ship.[4] Not all types of railway tracks use ballast. [7]
These laws and rules apply to all vessels of 300 gross tons or more, domestic and foreign, and capable of carrying ballast water into state waters after operating outside of the waters of the state. The information provided below is for general guidance purposes only. Please refer to the specific law or rule for complete requirements or contact ballastwater@dfw.wa.gov or 360-902-2753 for assistance. Vessels that do not regularly discharge ballast water may apply for a waiver.
A ship's ballast water has been treated using a system that has been approved by the Coast Guard or an accepted alternative. The Coast Guard requires the vessel operator to have a valid extension letter onboard if a ballast water management system has not been installed, even if an accepted alternative system is being used.
If a vessel intends to discharge ballast water and does not have a fully operational management system or alternative system installed, the vessel must manage their ballast water under one of the following applicable options:
Vessels may not remove or discharge sediment or tank fouling organisms into waters of the state under WAC 220-650-110 from spaces carrying ballast water unless that sediment or those organisms are discharged solely in the location from which they originated.
WDFW can issue a warning, notice of correction, or notice of penalty of up to $27,500 for each day of a continuing violation under WAC 220-650-120. In general, warnings and notices of correction are issued for first-time violations that do not involve the discharge of ballast water.
In order to help protect vessel crews and accommodate COVID-19 safety protocols as may be necessary, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources staff will be implementing a hybrid inspection approach with the combination of on-board ballast water inspections and/or online questionnaires prior to Wisconsin arrivals. [Note: only one questionnaire for each vessel needs to be completed each season (March 15, 2022 to January 15, 2023) regardless of how many Wisconsin arrivals a vessel makes].
Ocean-going vessels and Great Lakes vessels required to obtain the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Vessel General Permit (VGP), that operate within waters of the state of Wisconsin and that weigh 300 gross tons or more, or have a ballast tank capacity of at least 2,113 gallons (8 cubic meters) and are 79 feet (24.1 meters) in length or more, shall obtain coverage under Wisconsin Pollution Discharge Elimination System Ballast Water General Permit WI-0063835-3 prior to operating in Wisconsin waters. The Wisconsin Ballast Water General Permit is intended to cover the discharge of ballast water from vessels into Lake Michigan, Lake Superior or other waters where a vessel may transit within the boundaries of Wisconsin. Information regarding the permit application process, annual renewal, termination process and contact information is provided below.
The following steps must be taken to obtain coverage for ballast water discharges under the general permit for each vessel planning to operate in Wisconsin's portion of either Lake Superior or Lake Michigan.
Each calendar year, the DNR will send invoices to vessels with active permits. Typically, you will have 60 days to pay this fee in order to keep your ballast water permit active. All information on how to complete the billing transaction will be included with your invoice. Note: The annual administrative fee applies even if you do not operate your vessel in Wisconsin waters during a given calendar year while a vessel possesses an active permit.
The following email address is the primary point of contact with the DNR for ballast water discharges and is monitored by multiple staff. Please include this address in any e-correspondence or invoice, permitting and policy questions.
In addition to the above email address, you are encouraged to simultaneously contact one of the ballast water inspectors to assist you in acquiring necessary documents or information for ballast water operations in Wisconsin waters.
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